discuss Science & Technology news & discussion

[CraigD]

Post and discuss interesting articles & videos about science and technology.

You don't need to be an expert - just interested in the wonders of modern science, technology, and the history of these fields.

Please keep it rational, and post articles from reputable sources.
Try not to editorialise headlines and keep the copy to just a paragraph with a link to the original source. When quoting excerpts from articles, I think the best method is to italicise the copy, and include a link to the source.

Have some fun with your comments and discussions... just keep the sources legitimate.

Other threads:
The Break Room has a number of other popular threads, so there is no need to post material here that is better suited to these other threads:

- Covid19-Coronavirus updates and news
- Conspiracy Thread Free For All
- The *religious* discussion thread

Please enjoy!

 

[CraigD]

A brief history of booze in low Earth orbit

On a chilly morning in early November last year, a Northrop Grumman Antares rocket blasted off from NASA’s Wallops Flight Facility in Virginia. It was a routine cargo resupply mission bound for the International Space Station, but the Cygnus spacecraft perched atop the rocket included a rather unusual payload. Tucked away in its cargo hold were a dozen bottles of red Bordeaux wine individually sheathed in specially designed metal canisters. It wasn’t the first time wine has left the planet, but it is by far the most alcohol that has ever been in space at once.


In the early days of its human spaceflight program, astronauts would often prank each other by stashing small amounts of booze on a spacecraft before launch. When Wally Schirra blasted into orbit in 1962 as one of the original seven astronauts chosen for NASA’s Mercury program, he discovered that someone had stashed a pack of smokes and a small bottle of scotch in the capsule before launch. (Schirra waited until he was safely back on Earth to indulge.) And during the Apollo 8 mission around the moon, astronaut Deke Slayton had stashed a few small bottles of brandy in the astronauts’ holiday meal kit. It was all in good fun, but Frank Borman, the Apollo 8 commander, wasn’t having it. “I didn’t think it was funny at all,” he later said. “If we’d have drunk one drop of that damn brandy and the thing would have blown up on the way home, they’d have blamed it on the brandy.”

The Apollo 12 crew found their notebooks contained porn during their moon walk!

Dave Scott, the backup commander for Apollo 12 who would have stepped in if Conrad were unable to go, saw to it that some other material made its way into those little wire-bound flip books.

“It was about two and a half hours into the extravehicular activity,” Bean told Playboy’s D.C. Angle 25 years later in 1994. “I flipped the page over and there she was. I hopped over to where Pete was and showed him mine, and he showed me his.”

They didn’t say anything out loud, Bean said, for fear that taxpayers wouldn’t thrill to the idea of Playboy hitching a ride on an Apollo mission. But, he added, “We giggled and laughed so much that people accused us of being drunk or having ‘space rapture.'”

Scott had picked up several issues of Playboy from a newsstand, copied them, then printed them on NASA’s fireproof, plastic-coated paper. Once finished, he squirreled them away in the checklists without telling the astronauts.

https://www.businessinsider.com.au/nasa-moon-porn-apollo-12-2016-10

 

[koolishman]

Scientists find the traces of a possible ancient dwarf planet in the meteorite

On October 6, 2008, ground-based telescopes noticed the approach of a small (two to five meters across) asteroid, and the next day it fell in northern Sudan. Thus, 2008 TC3 was the first (out of three so far) cases when a meteorite fall was predicted in advance. After entering the atmosphere, it collapsed, but local residents and scientists managed to collect hundreds of small fragments with a total weight of just over 10 kilograms.

The study of the samples continues to this day, and recently experts showed that 2008 TC3 was formed from a massive and as yet unknown body that existed in the early solar system and had dimensions comparable to at least the dwarf planet Ceres. A group led by a professor at the Department of Space Studies, Southwest Research Institute, Victoria Hamilton writes about this in an article published in the journal Nature Astronomy.


The authors examined a 50-milligram sample of AhS 202 by taking a polished section and examining it in infrared with a microscope and spectrometer. As a result, they discovered that the fragment contains tremolite, a calcium-magnesium silicate from the amphibole group.

Meteoritic evidence for a Ceres-sized water-rich carbonaceous chondrite parent asteroid | Nature Astronomy

 

[CraigD]

A brief history of booze in low Earth orbit

On a chilly morning in early November last year, a Northrop Grumman Antares rocket blasted off from NASA’s Wallops Flight Facility in Virginia. It was a routine cargo resupply mission bound for the International Space Station, but the Cygnus spacecraft perched atop the rocket included a rather unusual payload. Tucked away in its cargo hold were a dozen bottles of red Bordeaux wine individually sheathed in specially designed metal canisters. It wasn’t the first time wine has left the planet, but it is by far the most alcohol that has ever been in space at once.


In the early days of its human spaceflight program, astronauts would often prank each other by stashing small amounts of booze on a spacecraft before launch. When Wally Schirra blasted into orbit in 1962 as one of the original seven astronauts chosen for NASA’s Mercury program, he discovered that someone had stashed a pack of smokes and a small bottle of scotch in the capsule before launch. (Schirra waited until he was safely back on Earth to indulge.) And during the Apollo 8 mission around the moon, astronaut Deke Slayton had stashed a few small bottles of brandy in the astronauts’ holiday meal kit. It was all in good fun, but Frank Borman, the Apollo 8 commander, wasn’t having it. “I didn’t think it was funny at all,” he later said. “If we’d have drunk one drop of that damn brandy and the thing would have blown up on the way home, they’d have blamed it on the brandy.”

During an Apollo 11 pre-flight press interview on July 5, 1969, Neil Armstrong was asked "Will you take personal mementos to the Moon, Neil?" and he replied "If I had a choice, I would take more fuel".

As it turned out, Armstrong landed on the Moon with barely 15-seconds of fuel allowance on hand. If they had burnt through that allowance, the mission would have been aborted (Bingo).

I watched most of that interview today but unfortunately could not locate that exact question or answer. I may have skipped through it or it may be one of the questions where the audio is missing from the footage.

A very interesting press conference!

Edited

 

[CraigD]

A bit of light comedy from the surface of the Moon

 

[CraigD]

Scientists find the traces of a possible ancient dwarf planet in the meteorite

On October 6, 2008, ground-based telescopes noticed the approach of a small (two to five meters across) asteroid, and the next day it fell in northern Sudan. Thus, 2008 TC3 was the first (out of three so far) cases when a meteorite fall was predicted in advance. After entering the atmosphere, it collapsed, but local residents and scientists managed to collect hundreds of small fragments with a total weight of just over 10 kilograms.

The study of the samples continues to this day, and recently experts showed that 2008 TC3 was formed from a massive and as yet unknown body that existed in the early solar system and had dimensions comparable to at least the dwarf planet Ceres. A group led by a professor at the Department of Space Studies, Southwest Research Institute, Victoria Hamilton writes about this in an article published in the journal Nature Astronomy.


The authors examined a 50-milligram sample of AhS 202 by taking a polished section and examining it in infrared with a microscope and spectrometer. As a result, they discovered that the fragment contains tremolite, a calcium-magnesium silicate from the amphibole group.

Meteoritic evidence for a Ceres-sized water-rich carbonaceous chondrite parent asteroid | Nature Astronomy

It must be a geologists dream job to examine extraterrestrial rocks!

Extraterrestrial Mineral Never Before Seen on Earth Found Inside a Famous Meteorite
September 04, 2019
https://www.livescience.com/new-extraterrestrial-mineral-edscottite-meteorite.html

This Extraterrestrial Stone Contains Compounds Not Found Anywhere Else in Our Solar System
January 10, 2018
https://www.sciencealert.com/hypati...-composition-like-nothing-in-the-solar-system

Extraterrestrial materials
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extraterrestrial_materials

 

[koolishman]

Hammer vs Feather falling experiment on moon.

At the end of the last Apollo 15 moon walk, Commander David Scott (pictured above) performed a live demonstration for the television cameras. He held out a geologic hammer and a feather and dropped them at the same time. Because they were essentially in a vacuum, there was no air resistance and the feather fell at the same rate as the hammer, as Galileo had concluded hundreds of years before - all objects released together fall at the same rate regardless of mass. Mission Controller Joe Allen described the demonstration in the "Apollo 15 Preliminary Science Report":

During the final minutes of the third extravehicular activity, a short demonstration experiment was conducted. A heavy object (a 1.32-kg aluminum geological hammer) and a light object (a 0.03-kg falcon feather) were released simultaneously from approximately the same height (approximately 1.6 m) and were allowed to fall to the surface. Within the accuracy of the simultaneous release, the objects were observed to undergo the same acceleration and strike the lunar surface simultaneously, which was a result predicted by well-established theory, but a result nonetheless reassuring considering both the number of viewers that witnessed the experiment and the fact that the homeward journey was based critically on the validity of the particular theory being tested. Joe Allen, NASA SP-289, Apollo 15 Preliminary Science Report, Summary of Scientific Results, p. 2-11

 

[koolishman]

NASA in 2020.

 

[koolishman]

A bit of light comedy from the surface of the Moon

And nuts still believe this was faked, despite 400,000 people who worked on it.

 

[CraigD]

Scientists fought coronavirus, now they face the battle against disinformation

By Jim Al-Khalili

The public’s appetite for science has never been stronger, but only openness can confound the deluge of fake narratives.

https://www.theguardian.com/comment...w-they-face-the-battle-against-disinformation

 

[CraigD]

And nuts still believe this was faked, despite 400,000 people who worked on it.

LOL Yes!

Anyone with a rudimentary understanding of physics would have a very hard time denying that some of that footage is obviously of low gravity mishaps.

No slowing down the footage, no wires, and it's the same footage I've seen hundreds of times on television as a kid in the '70's before digital manipulation even existed.

I think this is my favourite proof. John Young (whom I met about 25-years ago) falling over and then bouncing back onto his feet following some un-earthly gymnastics.

But then again, there will always be doubters who cherry pick what suits their agenda.

 

[koolishman]

Discovery Supports a Surprising New View of How Life on Earth Originated

Chemists at Scripps Research have made a discovery that supports a surprising new view of how life originated on our planet.

In a study published in the chemistry journal Angewandte Chemie, they demonstrated that a simple compound called diamidophosphate (DAP), which was plausibly present on Earth before life arose, could have chemically knitted together tiny DNA building blocks called deoxynucleosides into strands of primordial DNA.

The finding is the latest in a series of discoveries, over the past several years, pointing to the possibility that DNA and its close chemical cousin RNA arose together as products of similar chemical reactions, and that the first self-replicating molecules — the first life forms on Earth — were mixes of the two.


The discovery may also lead to new practical applications in chemistry and biology, but its main significance is that it addresses the age-old question of how life on Earth first arose. In particular, it paves the way for more extensive studies of how self-replicating DNA-RNA mixes could have evolved and spread on the primordial Earth and ultimately seeded the more mature biology of modern organisms.


He notes that the work may also have broad practical applications. The artificial synthesis of DNA and RNA — for example in the “PCR” technique that underlies COVID-19 tests — amounts to a vast global business, but depends on enzymes that are relatively fragile and thus have many limitations. Robust, enzyme-free chemical methods for making DNA and RNA may end up being more attractive in many contexts, Krishnamurthy says.

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/anie.202015910

 

[koolishman]

Why is Earth still habitable after billions of years? In part, we're just lucky

To find out, a scientist ran a clever experiment. He created a simulation of 100,000 planets (!!) where each was given a set of random climate feedbacks, some negative and some positive, and tracked their temperatures for 3 billion years — no other variables (water content, for example, or breathable atmosphere) was simulated. For simplicity he just wanted to see if a planet could keep a habitable temperature for a long period of time, as Earth has.

What he found is interesting. Out of 100,000 planets, 9% were successful at least once (and 1,400 were successful on the very first run out of 100 runs). Some planets were successful twice, some three times… and in fact, looking over all 100,000 planets, he had every number between 1 and 100 successful runs.

But, only 1 planet had 100 successful runs out of 100. That's a robust planet, indicating that nothing was able to prevent it from being a nice place to live (and least in temperature).

Overall, looking at the range of outcomes and how they occurred, his conclusion is that both feedbacks and random chance play a role in a planet's ability to stay in a livable temperature range. While the success rate varied from model to model, changing the factors over the 100 runs still supported the idea that both mechanism and chance played a role.

Apparently, fortune favors the prepared planet.

 

[CraigD]

Why is Earth still habitable after billions of years? In part, we're just lucky

To find out, a scientist ran a clever experiment. He created a simulation of 100,000 planets (!!) where each was given a set of random climate feedbacks, some negative and some positive, and tracked their temperatures for 3 billion years — no other variables (water content, for example, or breathable atmosphere) was simulated. For simplicity he just wanted to see if a planet could keep a habitable temperature for a long period of time, as Earth has.

What he found is interesting. Out of 100,000 planets, 9% were successful at least once (and 1,400 were successful on the very first run out of 100 runs). Some planets were successful twice, some three times… and in fact, looking over all 100,000 planets, he had every number between 1 and 100 successful runs.

But, only 1 planet had 100 successful runs out of 100. That's a robust planet, indicating that nothing was able to prevent it from being a nice place to live (and least in temperature).

Overall, looking at the range of outcomes and how they occurred, his conclusion is that both feedbacks and random chance play a role in a planet's ability to stay in a livable temperature range. While the success rate varied from model to model, changing the factors over the 100 runs still supported the idea that both mechanism and chance played a role.

Apparently, fortune favors the prepared planet.

I think part of our luck can be attributed to large-mass planets in the outer solar system literally vacuuming up potentially dangerous asteroids, and the fact that our magnetosphere as a result of a molten iron core, protects us from radiation.

 

[koolishman]

I think part of our luck can be attributed to large-mass planets in the outer solar system literally vacuuming up potentially dangerous asteroids, and the fact that our magnetosphere as a result of a molten iron core, protects us from radiation.

Lucky indeed!

 

[CraigD]

Lucky indeed!

I also think that our large mass moon performs a similar function, and bears the brunt of asteroid strikes that would otherwise hit us. I may be wrong, but I think we have the largest mass moon (percentage wise compared to planet mass) out of all of our celestial neighbours.

 

[CraigD]

There's a huge mass embedded in the center of the moon, and astronomers aren't sure what it is
June 12, 2019

Earth's clingy best friend is also the site of one of the largest-known impact craters in our entire solar system. Essentially, something caused a giant hole on the moon billions of years ago, and astronomers have just discovered that there's something big -- really big -- buried underneath the surface.

https://edition.cnn.com/2019/06/11/us/moon-mass-crater-mystery-unexplained-trnd/index.html

 

[koolishman]

Delightful Study Finds Monkeys Hate Sunk Costs as Much as Humans Do

This "sunk costs" phenomenon can apply to our relationships, home improvements, books, video games, car repairs, side hustles, TV shows, and plenty more besides. We keep going because we're already invested, even when it becomes self-defeating.

That the same trait is noticeable in the capuchin monkeys and rhesus macaques in this study suggests there's something deep in our evolutionary past that convinces us to try and recover a reward from our sunk costs, no matter how unlikely it is to happen.

In this study, the animals were asked to follow a moving target on a computer screen with a joystick. If they managed to track it, they got a reward; if they didn't, a new round started, and they could try again.

Rounds lasted for 1, 3, or 7 seconds (a single second actually seems a lot longer to a monkey), and most rounds lasted for just 1 second. In other words, if the monkeys didn't get a treat after the first second, it was better to quit and start a new round to get a reward as soon as possible.

The monkeys typically carried on, though. This effect was especially noticeable for the seven macaques, but the 26 capuchins struggled to let go as well. If the animals got a signal that more work was needed for a reward, the sunk cost behaviour was less frequent, but it was still evident.

www.nature.com/articles/s41598-020-77301-w

 

[CraigD]

Anyway, I think I mentioned this a few months ago - Earth appears to be quite unique when compared to other planets, which is why I don't think that Drakes' Equation is accurate.

Just because there are likely billions of other planets in existence doesn't mean they have the same likely hood of harbouring life. First find planets like ours in the 'goldilocks zone' that also have active cores driving magnetospheres, with large-mass moons like ours, and large-mass gas giants protecting us in the outer solar system like ours, and redo the math.

The probabilities while still there, drop dramatically.

 

[CraigD]

Delightful Study Finds Monkeys Hate Sunk Costs as Much as Humans Do

This "sunk costs" phenomenon can apply to our relationships, home improvements, books, video games, car repairs, side hustles, TV shows, and plenty more besides. We keep going because we're already invested, even when it becomes self-defeating.

That the same trait is noticeable in the capuchin monkeys and rhesus macaques in this study suggests there's something deep in our evolutionary past that convinces us to try and recover a reward from our sunk costs, no matter how unlikely it is to happen.

In this study, the animals were asked to follow a moving target on a computer screen with a joystick. If they managed to track it, they got a reward; if they didn't, a new round started, and they could try again.

Rounds lasted for 1, 3, or 7 seconds (a single second actually seems a lot longer to a monkey), and most rounds lasted for just 1 second. In other words, if the monkeys didn't get a treat after the first second, it was better to quit and start a new round to get a reward as soon as possible.

The monkeys typically carried on, though. This effect was especially noticeable for the seven macaques, but the 26 capuchins struggled to let go as well. If the animals got a signal that more work was needed for a reward, the sunk cost behaviour was less frequent, but it was still evident.

www.nature.com/articles/s41598-020-77301-w

= Domain name investment and hours on this meaningless thread

 

[koolishman]

Japan developing wooden satellites to cut space junk

A Japanese company and Kyoto University have joined forces to develop what they hope will be the world's first satellites made out of wood by 2023.

Sumitomo Forestry said it has started research on tree growth and the use of wood materials in space.

The partnership will begin experimenting with different types of wood in extreme environments on Earth.

Space junk is becoming an increasing problem as more satellites are launched into the atmosphere.

Wooden satellites would burn up without releasing harmful substances into the atmosphere or raining debris on the ground when they plunge back to Earth.

 

[CraigD]

Japan developing wooden satellites to cut space junk

A Japanese company and Kyoto University have joined forces to develop what they hope will be the world's first satellites made out of wood by 2023.

Sumitomo Forestry said it has started research on tree growth and the use of wood materials in space.

The partnership will begin experimenting with different types of wood in extreme environments on Earth.

Space junk is becoming an increasing problem as more satellites are launched into the atmosphere.

Wooden satellites would burn up without releasing harmful substances into the atmosphere or raining debris on the ground when they plunge back to Earth.

Wow! I had no idea this was in development.

Might as well cut to the chase and launch some rocks back into orbit

Edit: I think Elon was onto something with Ms. Tree!

 

[koolishman]

Wow! I had no idea this was in development. Might as well cut to the chase and launch some rocks back into orbit

LOL!

Like Aussies exporting camels to Middle east!

 

[CraigD]

LOL!

Like Aussies exporting camels to Middle east!

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_feral_camel

I'm looking into exporting rabbits back to the UK.

Think I'm onto a winner there

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rabbits_in_Australia

Edited.

 

[CraigD]

Atlantic discovery: 12 new species 'hiding in the deep'

Almost five years of studying the deep Atlantic in unprecedented detail has revealed 12 species new to science.

The sea mosses, molluscs and corals had eluded discovery because the sea floor is so unexplored, scientists say. Researchers warn that the newly discovered animals could already be under threat from climate change.

https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-55427860

Edited

 

[CraigD]

Thank you everyone, especially @koolishman, @Sutruk and @Cannuck