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domains EU Study on Domain Name System abuse

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The Domain Name System (DNS) is a hierarchical and decentralised naming system that translates human-friendly mnemonic domain names to numerical Internet Protocol (IP) addresses needed to route traffic across the Internet to the proper destination.

The EU’s Cybersecurity Strategy for the Digital Decade (2020) has described the DNS as one of the key parts of the core of the Internet.1 The European Commission’s recent legislative proposal on cybersecurity measures (the Proposal for NIS 2 Directive) has also highlighted that upholding and preserving a reliable, resilient and secure DNS is a key factor in maintaining the integrity of the Internet and is essential for its continuous and stable operation, on which the digital economy and society depend.

Malicious activities on the DNS have been a frequent and serious issue for years, affecting online security, causing harm to users and third parties and, thus, undermining their trust in the Internet.

These activities are generally referred to as DNS abuse and comprise cybersecurity threats and the distribution of illegal and harmful materials. However, there is no consensus among stakeholders on the definition of DNS abuse and on what should be collectively done to prevent or fight DNS abuse.

To date, the response to DNS abuse in terms of preventive and reactive measures includes a broad set of voluntary and prescriptive instruments, ranging from technical measures and contractual clauses, to cooperation between DNS operators and competent authorities, and to regulatory actions.5However, past initiatives are fragmented6 and, as data shows, have not yet resulted in a significant reduction of DNS abuse.

The European Commission commissioned the present study to assess the scope, impact, and magnitude of DNS abuse, as well as to provide input for possible policy measures on the basis of identified gaps.

The methodology of the study is based on three approaches: i) measurements, ii) questionnaires and in-depth interviews, and iii) workshops. Limitations in the measurements and assessment of the impact are thoroughly accounted for.

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