Carnitine (
β-hydroxy-γ-N-trimethylaminobutyric acid,
3-hydroxy-4-N,N,N- trimethylaminobutyrate) is a
quaternary ammonium compound[1] involved in metabolism in most mammals, plants and some bacteria.
[2] Carnitine may exist in two isomers, labeled D-carnitine and L-carnitine, as they are optically active. At room temperature, pure carnitine is a white powder, and a water-soluble
zwitterion with low toxicity. Carnitine only exists in animals as the L-enantiomer, and D-carnitine is toxic because it inhibits the activity of L-carnitine.
[3]Carnitine was discovered in 1905 as a result of its high concentration in muscle tissue. It was originally labeled vitamin BT; however, because carnitine is synthesized in the human body, it is no longer considered a vitamin.
[2] Carnitine can be synthesized by most humans; about 1 in 350 males is unable to synthesize it due to genetic causes on the X chromosome.
[4][5] Carnitine is involved in the oxidation of
fatty acids, and involved in
systemic primary carnitine deficiency. It has been studied for preventing and treating other conditions, and is used as a purported
performance enhancing drug.
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