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[Michael Ehrhardt]

Latin
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
For other uses, see Latins and Latin (disambiguation).
"Roman language" redirects here. It is not to be confused with Romance languages, Romanesco dialect, Romanian language, or Romani language.
Latin
Lingua latīna

Latin inscription in the Colosseum
Pronunciation [laˈtiːna]
Native to

• Latium
• Roman Kingdom / Republic / Empire
• • Early modern Europe
• Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia (lingua franca)
• Vatican City

Ethnicity Latins
Era Vulgar Latin developed into Romance languages, 6th to 9th centuries; the formal language continued as the scholarly lingua franca of Catholic countries medieval Europe and as the liturgical language of the Catholic Church.
Language family

Indo-European

• Italic
  • Latino-Faliscan
    • Latin

Writing system
Latin alphabet
Official status
Regulated by

• Antiquity: Roman schools of grammar/rhetoric[1]
• Today: Pontifical Academy for Latin

Language codes
ISO 639-1 la
ISO 639-2 lat
ISO 639-3 lat
Glottolog lati1261[2]
Linguasphere 51-AAB-a

Map indicating the greatest extent of the Roman Empire (c. 117 AD) and the area governed by Latin speakers (dark green). Many languages other than Latin, most notably Greek, were spoken within the empire.

Range of the Romance languages, the modern descendants of Latin, in Europe.
This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters.
Latin (i/ˈlætɪn/; Latin: lingua latīna, IPA: [ˈlɪŋɡʷa laˈtiːna]) is a classical language originally spoken in Latium, a part of Italy. Along with the extinct languages Oscan, Umbrian, and Faliscan, it belongs to the Italic branch of the Indo-European languages.[3] It was written in the Latin alphabet, a writing system derived from the Etruscan and Greek alphabets. Through the power of Roman Republic and Empire, Latin became the dominant language in Italy and was spread throughout Europe. Non-standard Latin dialects (Vulgar Latin) developed into the Romance languages, such as Italian, Spanish, and French. Latin and French have contributed many words to English, and Latin and Greek roots are used in biology and medicine.

Additionally many students, scholars, and some members of the Christian clergy speak it fluently, and it is taught in primary, secondary and post-secondary educational institutions around the world.[4][5]

Old Latin is the earliest form of Latin. By the late Roman Republic (75 BC), written Latin was standardized into the form called Classical Latin. Vulgar Latin was the colloquial form spoken during the same time and attested in inscriptions and the works of comic playwrights like Plautus and Terence.[6] Later periods include Late Latin, the written language beginning in the 3rd century AD, and Medieval Latin, the language used beginning in the 4th or 9th century.

Medieval Latin was influenced by various Germanic and proto-Romance languages until expurgated by Renaissance scholars. It was used as the language of international communication, scholarship, and science until well into the 18th century, when it began to be supplanted by vernaculars.

Latin is a highly inflected language, with three distinct genders, five to seven noun cases, four verb conjugations, six tenses, three persons, three moods, two voices, two aspects, and two numbers.

Contents

 

[Michael Ehrhardt]

English is a West Germanic language that was first spoken in early medieval England and is now a global lingua franca. It is an official language of almost 60 sovereign states and the most commonly spoken language in sovereign states including the United Kingdom, the United States, Canada, Australia, Ireland, New Zealand and a number of Caribbean nations.[6] It is the third-most-common native language in the world, after Mandarin and Spanish.[7] It is widely learned as a second language and is an official language of the European Union and of the United Nations, as well as of many world organisations.

English had several historical forms. The earliest form was Old English, a set of Anglo-Frisian dialects brought to Great Britain by Anglo-Saxon settlers in the 5th century. Middle English began in the late 11th century with the Norman conquest of England.[8] Early Modern English began in the late 15th century with the introduction of the printing press to London and the Great Vowel Shift.

Through the worldwide influence of the British Empire, English spread around the world from the 17th to mid-20th centuries. Through newspapers, books, the telegraph, the telephone, phonograph records, radio, satellite television, and the Internet, as well as the emergence of the United States as a global superpower, English has become the leading language of international discourse and the lingua franca in many regions and in professional contexts such as science.

 

[Michael Ehrhardt]

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