What I have not seen mentioned is what happens to developed websites using a gTLD if the company behind it goes down. I care now that I bought one I would like to develop
There are a few scenarios I consider probable:
1. The operator has to inform ICANN 30-90 days in advance (just a guess, but there will be something like that in their contract) of a pending bankruptcy. ICANN will then try to find a buyer in advance. We're already seeing some companies like Symantec sell their extensions to XYZ or Donuts is buying up extensions too. So it's not unthinkable that some companies will try to use that as an opportunity to increase their reach.
2. ICANN cannot find a buyer and it will temporarily suspend the extension until a buyer has been found. It will use its remaining $225.7 million funds to keep the extension in a "zombie-state" (not alive, nor dead).
3. If ICANN can't find a buyer after 180 days (again made up the number, we'd need an actual contract for real numbers), the extension will be suspended completely. Current participants/owners will be stored in a database and will be granted the right to acquire the name before the general public should the extension ever find a buyer.
4. Worst-case (and very probable!): ICANN will shut down the extension after Chapter 12 has been filed if there is no buyer and all names will be lost. Once re-opened, no rights will be granted to acquire previous names.
ICANN has no more ties to the government, they are in it for pure profit and have been given a free hand, so they can do whatever they think is right to increase their profits.
They also don't always act in the interest of domainers and may simply shut down extensions for good:
All of this is just speculation. I only invest into extensions that already have > 30-50k names and are operated by Donuts Co to avoid this kind of guessing game. IMHO: Don't invest into names from operators like Mind+Tech Ltd, XYZ, etc - they have a greater risk of going bankrupt, but no company is really 'safe' from bankruptcy. Do your homework on the operator.
If you could get your hands on the actual contract, we'd know for sure. Maybe ICANN has a PDF somewhere that we could download, but I didn't manage to find anything and didn't want to go through the trouble of applying for an extension
There were over 1,200 applicants, but in the coming years the number of extensions could easily go to 2,000 or more. With increased numbers ICANN could make it a numbers game and lower some of their fees. But that is also unlikely, they're a commercial company.
I've read an article somewhere that the blockchain could be used in the future to replace organizations like ICANN but I don't really see that happening for a LONG time unless there is some kind of international cyber conflict and the current cyberwar ends badly for America and they will rewrite the current laws.